May-Itzá W. de J., Medina LM. (2019).  Effectiveness of the smoke of fruits of Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae) and vapors of Thymol for control of Varroa destructor infesting Africanized bees. Rev Mex Cienc Pecu.  10(3):778-788.

 Abstract:

The mite Varroa destructor is a scourge in honey bee colonies worldwide. Conventional chemical-based control treatments can contaminate colony products and cause resistance in the parasite. Plant-source compounds are promising alternatives. The effectiveness of smoke from dried Guazuma ulmifolia fruit and vapors from thymol crystals was evaluated in control of V. destructor in colonies of Africanized bees (Apis mellifera) in Yucatan, Mexico. Three treatments were used during a three-week experimental period. In Group 1, colonies were administered five to eight puffs of smoke from dried G. ulmifolia fruits twice a week. In Group 2, they were administered 4-8 g of thymol crystals once a week. Group 3 was a control and received no treatment. Collections of 200 to 300 adult bees from each colony were done prior to treatment (day 0) and after treatment at 7, 14 and 21 d. These were processed to quantify colony infestation levels and treatment efficacy. Overall V. destructor infestation levels in adult bees decreased in all three groups after 21 d, with differences between treatments. Levels were lowest in Group 2, followed by Group 1 and the control. Efficacy at the end of the treatments was 41 % in Group 1 and 69% in Group 2. Compared to the control, application of thymol crystals provided the most effective alternative control method against V. destructor. However, regular application of G. ulmifolia fruit smoke also reduced mite infestation levels, and this resource has the advantage of being locally available.